Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1

Cave One - 1Q - 1QapGen, 1QHab, 1QH, 1QIs^a, 1QIs^b, 1QM, 1QS, 1Q1-1Q27 and 1Q28a-1Q72

1QapGen ar (1Q20) 1QGenesis Apocryphon ^¤^{,1 [230-237]}

N.Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon. A Scroll from the Wilderness of Judaea (Magnes Press-Heikhal hasefer, Jerusalem 1956). Rewritten version of Genesis in Aramaic.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QapGen ar is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L Sukenik, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QH (1QH^a) 1QHymns, The Hymns Scroll, Hôdayôt ^¤^{,1 [317-361]}

cols. 1-18, frags. 1-66, pls 35-58. Three more fragments were published by E. Puech, RQ 13 (1988) 58-88, pl. III, who also suggested rearranging and renumbering the fragments, JJS 39 (1988) 38-55.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QH is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QpHab 1QHabakkuk Pesher ^¤^{,1 [197-202]}

M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's Monastery, (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1950), vol. I, pls. LV-LXI. Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2-17; 2:1-20.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QpHab is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L Sukenik, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QIs^a 1QIsaiah^a ^ß

M. Burrows (ed.) with the assistance of J. C. Trever and W. H. Brownlee, The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's Monastery, vol. I, pls. I-LIV. Almost complete copy of Isaiah with some gaps along the bottom edge.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QIs^a is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L Sukenic, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QIs^b 1QIsaiah^b ^ß

E. L. Sukenik, 'Osar ham-megillôt hag-genûzôt she-bîdê ha-'ûnibersitah ha-^cibrit (Bialik Foundation-The Hebrew University [The Magnes Press-The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1955]); pls. 1-15. Another long and fragmented copy of Isaiah.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QIs^b is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QM 1QWar Scroll ^¤^{,1 [95-115]}

E. L. Sukenik, The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University, pp. 1-19, pls 16-34.47. Rule of the War of the Children of Light Against the Children of Darkness.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QM is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q33 (1QM) 1QWar Scroll ^¤^{,1 [113-115]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 135-136, pl. XXXI. Two fragments of the above listed MS of the War Scroll, 1QM published by Sukenik. These two fragments retain a separate identity only because they were discovered by separate groups and stored separately for five decades and have not, yet, been physically reunited with the larger part of the manuscript.

1QS (1QS and rarely, if ever, 1Q28) 1QRule of the Community, Community Rule,

The 'Son of God' Text, and, occasionally still, The Manual of Discipline ^¤^{,1 [3-19]}

Published in M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's Monastery, (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1950), vol. II/2, (Manual of Discipline = 1QS). There is no II/1.

This manuscript contains a description of a sectarian group whose beliefs and practices resembled those of an ancient pacifist sect known as the Essenes, as noted by Eliezer Sukenik of Hebrew University in 1948. When this cave was reexplored in 1949 fragments of many other scrolls were found including what seemed to be an appendage to this same Essene-like work. In the first century CE Pliny the Elder located a group of Essenes on the western shore of the Dead Sea somewhere above En Gedi. This congruence, along with the seemingly obvious connection between the pottery found in the caves and in the nearby ruins, are what first lead de Vaux to preopose the hypothesis that the entire library and Qumran itself were products of the Essenes.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1QS is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the Archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L Sukenic, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1QSa and 1QSb (1QSa, 1QSb and rarely, if ever, 1Q28a and 1Q28b) 1QRule of the Community, Community Rule,

The secterian Rule of the Community, The 'Son of God' Text, and, occasionally still, The Manual of Discipline ^¤^{,1 [3-19]}

Adjuncts to the Rule of the Community (1QS), published in DJD I as 1Q28a and 1Q28b.

M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's Monastery, vol. II, fasc. 2:The Manual of Discipline (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1951). Community Rule, cols I-XI. 1Q28a and 1Q28b are usually assumed to be appendices to 1QS. They were discovered during subsequent digs in cave 1 conducted by Lankester Harding and Roland De Vaux several years after the first seven manuscripts were discovered there. By that time the cave had obviously been 'excavated' both by the bedouin and by the monks of Syrian monastery of St Mark, or their agents.

1Q1 (1QGen) 1QGenesis ^ß

D. Barthélemy, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert I (DJD I) (Oxford 1955), 49-50, pl. VIII. Fragmentary remains of Genesis.

1Q2 (1QExod) 1QExodus ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 50-51, pl. VIII. Fragmentary remains of Exodus.

1Q3 (1QpalaeoLev) 1QLeviticus ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 51-54, pls. VIII-IX. Barthélemy accepts the possibility that these fragments are parts of three or four separate MSS, to which fragments 1-15, 16-21, 22-23, and 24 respectively belong. M. D. McLean, The Use and Development of Palaeo-Hebrew in the Hellenistic and Roman Period (Thesis, Harvard 1982), 41-42, distinguishes three separate MSS:

1QpalaeoLev^a: fragments 1-8, 10-15;
1QpalaeoLev^b: fragments 22-23;
1QpalaeoNum: fragments 16-21.

Fragmentary remains of Leviticus in palaeo-Hebrew script.

1Q4 (1QDeut^a) 1QDeuteronomy^a ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 54-57, pl. IX. Fragmentary remains of Deuteronomy.

1Q5 (1QDeut^b) 1QDeuteronomy^b ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 57-62, pl. X. Another fragmentary copy of Deuteronomy.

1Q6 (1QJud) 1QJudges ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 62-64, pl. XI. Fragmentary remains of Judges.

1Q7 (1QSam) 1QSamuel ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 64-65, pl. XI. Fragmentary remains of 1 and 2 Samuel.

1Q8 (1QIs^b) 1QIsaiah^b ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 66-68, pl. XII. Part of the 1QIs^b manuscript of Isaiah, published by Sukenik, 1QIsaiah^b. These separate parts of the same manuscript retain a separate identities only because they were discovered by separate groups and stored separately for five decades and have not, yet, been physically reunited into one large manuscript.

1Q9 (1QEzek) 1QEzekiel ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 68-69, pl. XII. One identified fragment of Ezekiel and another, unidentified.

1Q10 (1QPs^a) 1QPsalms^a ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 69-70, pl. XIII. Fragmentary copy of Psalms, with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

1Q11 (1QPs^b) 1QPsalms^b ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 71, pl. XIII. Another fragmentary copy of Psalms, with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

1Q12 (1QPs^c) 1QPsalms^c ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 71-72, pl. XIII. Remains of Psalm 44.

1Q13 (1QPhyl) 1QPhylactery ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 72-76, fig. 10, pl. XIV. Remains of a phylactery which includes the text of the decalogue.

1Q14 (1QpMic) 1QMicah Pesher ^¤^{,1 [193-194]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 77-80, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Mic 1:2-5.5-7.8-9; 4:13(?);6:14-16; 7:6(?).8-9(?).17.

1Q15 (1QpZeph) 1QZephaniah Pesher ^¤^{,1 [202]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 80, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Zeph 1:18-2:2.

1Q16 (1QpPs) 1QPsalms Pesher ^¤^{,1 [206]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 81-82, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Ps 57:1.4;Ps 68:12-13.26-27.30-31.

1Q17 (1QJub^a) 1QJubilees^a ^¤^{,1 [245]}

D. J. T. Milik, DJD I, 82-83, pl. XVI. Copy of the Book of Jubilees. Remains of Jub 27:19-21.

1Q18 (1QJub^b) 1QJubilees^b ^¤^{,1 [245]}

D. J. T. Milik, DJD I, 83-84, pl. XVI. Copy of the Book of Jubilees. Remains of Jub 35:8-10 and unidentified fragments.

1Q19 (1QNoah) 1QNoah ^¤^{,1 [263]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 84-86, pl. XVI. Possibly a copy of the lost Book of Noah, related to the Book of Enoch.

1Q19bis 1QNoah ^¤^{,1 [263]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 152. Fragment 2 of the preceding MS.

1Q20 (1QapGen ar) 1QGenesis Apocryphon ^¤^{,1 [230]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 86-87, pl. XVII. 8 fragments of the foregoing 1QapGen ar, published as 'Apocalypse de Lamech'.

1Q21 (1QTLevi ar) 1QAramaic Levi ^¤^{,1 [266]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 87-91, pl. XVII. Remains of an Aramaic work related to the Aramaic Testament of Levi from the Cairo Genizah, and to the Greek Testament of Levi, which forms part of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.

1Q22 (1QDM) 1QWords of Moses ^¤^{,1 [276-277]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 91-97, pl. XVIII-XIX. Remains of a Hebrew work, referred to as 'Words of Moses' (Dibrê Mosheh).

1Q23 (1QEnGiants ar^a) 1QBook of Giants^a ^¤^{,1 [260]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 97-98, pl. XIX. Published as remains of an Aramaic apocryphon, they were later identified by Milik as a copy of the Book of Giants in Milik, Books, 301-302.

1Q24 (1QEnGiants ar^b) 1QBook of Giants^b ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 99, pl. XX. Aramaic apocryphon; according to Milik, Books, 309, possibly another copy of the Book of Giants.

1Q25 (1QApocryphal prophecy) ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 100-101, pl. XX. Remains of 'an apocryphal prophecy; (?) in Hebrew.

1Q26 (1QWisdom Apocryphon) ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 101-102, pl. XX. Remains of an apocryphal work in Hebrew. According to P. W. Skehan there are another four copies of the same work in 4Q. (See Sapiential Work A^f).

1Q27 (1QMyst) 1QMysteries ^¤^{,1 [399-400]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 102-107, pls. XXI-XXII. 'Book of the Mysteries', a pseudepigraphical prophecy. Also, see 'The Book of Secrets' translation by the Gnostic Society Library.

1Q28a (1QSa) 1QRule of the Congregation ^¤^{,1 [126-128]}

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 108-118, pls. XXIII-XXIV. Appendix to the Community Rule, 1QS, eschatological in content.

1Q28b (1QSb) 1QRule of the Blessings ^¤^{,1 [432-433]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 118-130, pls. XXV-XXIX. Collection of various blessings preserved as an appendix to the Community Rule, 1QS, and the Rule of the Congregation, 1QSa.

1Q29 1QLiturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire ^¤^{,1 [277-278]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 130-132, pl. XXX. Remains of a work, liturgical in character, called the Liturgy of the 'three tongues of fire'. Also, see 'Tongues of Fire' translation by the Gnostic Society Library.

1Q30 1QLiturgical Text (?) ^¤^{,1 [438]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 132-133, pl. XXX. Fragment of indeterminate character.

1Q31 1QLiturgical Text (?) ^¤^{,1 [438]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 132-133, pl. XXX. Fragment of indeterminate character.

1Q32 (1QJN ar) 1QNew Jerusalem ^¤,o

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 134-135, pls. XXXI. Minute remains of the Aramaic work: 'Description of the New Jerusalem'.

1Q34 (1QPrFêtes) 1QFestival Prayers ^¤^{,1 [411]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 136, pl. XXXI. Collection of prayers for the various feasts of the liturgical year. Two (4Q508-509) or three (4Q507) other copies of this work have been preserved.

1Q34bis 1QFestival Prayers ^¤^{,1 [411]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 152-155, pl. XXXI. Fragments of the foregoing MS, with remains of the prayers for the feasts of the New Year, Yom Kippur and Tabernacles (?).

1Q35 (1QH^b) 1QHymns^b ^¤^{,1 [361-362]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 136-138, pl. XXI. Remains of a second copy of the Hodayot (1QH^a)

1Q36 1QHymnic Compositions (?) ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 138-141, pl. XXXII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q37 1QHymnic Compositions (?) ^¤^{,1 [438]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 141, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q38 1QHymnic Compositions (?) ^¤^{,1 [438]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 142, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q39 1QHymnic Compositions (?) ^¤^{,1 [438]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 143, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q40-69 1QUnclassified fragments ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 144-148, pls. XXXIII-XXXIV. Unidentified Hebrew and Aramaic fragments.

1Q70 1QUnclassified fragments ^¤,o

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 148-149, pl. XXXVII. Unidentified fragments of papyri.

1Q71 (1QDan^a) 1QDaniel^a ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 150-151. A single fragment with two columns of Daniel.

1Q72 (1QDan^b) 1QDaniel^b ^ß

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 150-151. Another fragmentary copy of Daniel.

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Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1

Cave One - 1Q - 1QapGen, 1QHab, 1QH, 1QIsa, 1QIsb, 1QM, 1QS, 1Q1-1Q27 and 1Q28a-1Q72

Cave One - 1Q - 1QapGen, 1QHab, 1QH, 1QIs^a, 1QIs^b, 1QM, 1QS, 1Q1-1Q27 and 1Q28a-1Q72