December 6, 1941, A message that was intercepted by the US navy
is placed before Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Sent from Tokyo to a
Japanese Embassy in Washington, it was encoded in the top-level
Japanese "Purple Code", it stated that the Japanese were going to
end relations with the United States. Roosevelt, after reading the
thirteen-page transmission said, "This Means War."
But then he did something that is a little strange. Absolutely
nothing. Yeah, that's right. He knew about the Japanese secret declaration
of war, but he never told the people that needed to know: Admiral
Husband E. Kimmel, commander in chief of the United States Pacific
Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the unit's commanding general,
Walter Short. Pearl Harbor, it was common military knowledge, was
where the Japanese would strike. If they struck.
At dawn the next morning, a Japanese squadron bombed Pearl Harbor
and the surprise attack was just that, a surprise. At least to Kimmel
and Short and the 4,575 American servicemen who died.
It may not have been such a surprise to Generals George C. Marshall
and Leonard T. Gerow and Admirals Harold R. Stark and Richmond Kelly
Turner. They were the military's top brass in Washington and the
only officers authorized to forward such sensitive intelligence
to outlying commanders. But the decoded war declaration did not
reach Kimmel and Short until the morning, with the attack well underway
off in the Pacific.
Marshall and Stark, supreme commanders of the U.S. Army and Navy
respectively, later testified that the message was not forwarded
to kimmel and short because the hawaiian commanders had received
so many intercepted Japanese messages that another one would simply
confuse them.
Internal army and navy inquires in 194 held Stark and Marshall
derelict of duty for keeping the hawaiian commanders in the dark.
But the military buried those findings. As far as the public knew,
the final truth was uncovered by the Roberts Commission, headed
by Justice Owen Roberts of the Supreme Court, and convened eleven
days for the attack. The Roberts Commission appeared to have identified
its culprits in advance and gerrymandered its inquires to make the
suspects appear guilty. The scapegoats were Kimmel and Short, who
were both publicly crucified, forced to retire, and denied the open
hearings they desired. One of the Roberts Commission panelists,
Admiral William Standly, would call Robert's performance, "Crooked
as a snake."
There were eight investigations of Pearl Harbor altogether. The
most spectacular was a joint House-Senate probe that reiterated
the Roberts Commission findings. At those hearings, Marshall and
Stark testified, incredibly, that they could not remember where
they were the night the war declaration came in. But, a close friend
of Frank Knox, the secretary of the Navy, later revealed that Knox,
Stark, and Marshall spent most of that night in the White House
with Roosevelt, awaiting the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the chance
for America to join World War II.
A widespread cover-up ensued. A few days after Pearl Harbor, reports
Historian John Toland, Marshall told his top officers, "Gentlemen,
this goes to the grave with us." General Short once considered Marshall
his friend, only to learn that the chief of staff was the agent
of his frame-up. Short once remarked that he pitted his former pal
because Marshall was the only general who wouldn't be able to write
an autobiography.
There were multiple warnings of the Pearl Harbor attack concealed
from the commanders at Pearl Harbor. The Winds Code was perhaps
the most shocking. That was an earlier transmission, in a fake weather
report broadcast on a Japanese short-wave station, of the words
"higashi no kaze ame". Which means, "East wind, rain." The Americans
already knew that this was the Japanese code for war with the United
States. The response of top U.S. military officials? To deny that
the "winds" message existed and to attempt to destroy all records
of its reception. But it did exist, and it was recovered.
Completely apart from the cloak and dagger of cryptography, the
Australian intelligence service, three days before the attack, spotted
the Japanese fleet of aircraft carriers heading for Hawaii. A warning
went to Washington, where it was dismissed by Roosevelt as a politically
motivated rumor circulated by Republicans.
A British double agent, Dusko Popov, who siphoned information
from Germany, learned of the Japanese intentions and desperately
tried to warn Washington, to no avail. And there were others.
Why would Roosevelt and the nation's top military commanders sacrifice
the U.S. Pacific Fleet, not to mention thousands of servicemen-an
act that could justifiably be deemed treason? They had concluded
long before Pearl Harbor that war against the axis powers was a
necessity. The American territory would surely bring the public
around.
"This was the president's problem," wrote Rear Admiral Robert
A. Theobald who commanded Pearl Harbor's destroyers, "and his solution
was based upon the simple fact that, while it takes two to make
a fight, either one may start it."
"A small group of men, revered and held to be most honorable by
millions," wrote Toland, "had convinced themselves that it was necessary
to act dishonorably for the good of their nation-and incited the
war that Japan had tried to avoid."
But why? Why was FDR so cold-hearted in allowing the bombing at
Pearl Harbor to take place? "For the good of the nation...", more
like, "I don't care how many of our men die as long as the Japanese
are killed." It's really sad that we elected a man as sick and sinister
as that as president.
-Matt
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